Are you looking for conduct to get ridding of ants? Getting rid of one ant isn’t trying – just phase on it! Nevertheless that won’t do Mary Lynne much good because ants are communal insects. Mary Lynne needed to be able to slay the ants at the mine.

This object explores customs to get rid of ants – their colonies and all.

Mary Lynne noticed that she had tons of ants in her plot. There are the behavior to get rid of ants in the patch. A tranquil practice is to smidgen brunette reason around the field you craving to keep. Then, take a spray bottle full with water and a few drops of necessary peppermint oil, and spray the ants you see. The brunette basis will take nursing of the setback long span while the peppermint oil spray will destroy the obvious ants.

Nevertheless Mary Lynne’s primary crisis was the ants inside her house, particularly in her kitchen. If one of her children left an apple core naked or a soda can around, she would soon have a pack of ants around it. Her ant challenged made life very tough.

There are also ways to get rid of ants within. One way to do this is to restraint and see where they are eminent into the home. Go outlook by the door during daylight hours. Can you see any sunshine? If you can see light underneath a door, the ants can get in there. Consider caulking up any gaps indoors and windows and any cracks or holes in ramparts.

Another idea is to place babying powder defenses along the baseboards of windows and doors and near any holes in the stockade where you imagine ants approach in. Baby powder (also known as Dioxomous Earth) is lethal to ants but rightly innocent for pets and children. Farther, you might respect using entice the ants can take back to their nests.

The first thing that comes to heed when attract is mentioned are the commercial harvest you can buy in the grocery warehouse. There are many different types of commercial baits, but these use harsh chemicals which may be dodgy to children or pets if they were to eat them. Even poorer, there is some mark that compound baits and sprays may hurt a toddler’s DNA so you’re not only harming that spawn, your upsetting potential generations. If all that wasn’t enough, these substance baits and sprays are bad for the environment.

Mary Lynne hunted something that would not be dodgy for pets, children, grandchildren, or the earth. A safe and actual way to get rid of ants is to spray Creaming of Wheat in areas where ants fodder. The Cream of Wheat expands as it combines with the home body fluids of the ant causing it to explode.

Another way to get rid of ants is to scatter peppering around. Your dog may explore it once, but one snootful and he’ll vacation away. Your children will snub it.

Unless you are able to delight the nest promptly, spraying in universal is not very effective. Nevertheless if you do, locate a nest, you can pour 3 gallons of hot water mixed with 1/4 cup of liquid soap like Dawn over it. This should destroy off all insects and Queens.

There are just a few ways of removing of ants.

To read about ant traps and ants with wings, visit the Facts About Ants site.

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How To Get Rid Of Ants is a post from: Bolton Pest Control

The development of an ant grow depends on the fine of the persona intending to erect them but at the end of it becomes fairly an erudition experience that stimulates our mentality. In most of the luggage, ant farms are built as a hobby by fascinated individuals and children or, and in the other suitcases are built for the tenacity of examine. Whatever the goal of building an ant grow is, it offers very exciting disclosures into the captivating and composite life of ants.

The development of ant farms is charming place in many households. Most of the ant farms can be lidded or lidless and come in a sort of sizes and shapes. The point of most of the ant farms involves the use of flute on the sides and top for visibility. While considering these farms as a hobby, it is advisable to be alert about the array of ant’s one uses for colonies.

If you are initial your plow, it is better to forestall the potentially precarious types like harvesting ants and fire ants. These kinds of ants can produce turmoil if handled improperly. Now the examine is from where to garner the objects and most important, the ants. Some of you might deem collecting the ants from under dried firewood or if this seems futile the ants can be prepared.

If you are still insisting on collection your own ants, the simplest way to attract them is to trickle some amiable syrup and linger for them to rotate up. For a good collection you will must one or more king and broods distant from people. This way, your farmhouse can keep lively with activity for a longer period of time.

Nevertheless while you opt for collecting your own ants, it seems far more demanding to amass a queen and broods save they are ordered.

Moving onto the pattern of the galls plant, you should use polish or composite depending winning the redden of ants worn. This would definitely help in simple viewing of the ants. Before you depart deporting them into their new territory, make effective that you have dampened the sand so that they can make tunnels.

Now, once they are set up in their new home, you can supply them with food particles, pure sweetened syrup like maple or honey and empty insects. Ants cannot starve to kill without food, however, water, is critical for their survival. The universal opinion is to keep the ant farmstead moist and away from shortest sunlight.

To make positive that they always have water existing you can use a cylindrical tube packed with water and sealed with filament on the top. The ensures that water doesn’t leak and flood their colony. It is better to seal the work, to preclude the ants from departure it. In such container, the lid should be distant everyday for a suddenly duration to permit for air.

To learn about how to get rid of carpenter ants and argentine ants, visit the Facts About Ants website.

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How To Take Care Of Ant Farm is a post from: Bolton Pest Control

It seems to me that we under utilize our capacity to take on challenges outside of the norm. What I mean is, it can be a daunting task to go to a job 5 to 6 days out of the week, work 8+ hours a day, take care of home and family, then try to start a home based business that will give you the financial freedom you deserve.

The “rat race” is a term used to describe work schedules shared by a large number of individuals and it has been widely used by Robert Kiyosaki in his “Rich Dad, Poor Dad” books. (Great books, by-the-way).

For example, in a heavily populated areas the “rats” converge on the highways, byways, streets and public transportation trying to get to or coming from work.

Those in route to their jobs are often “on edge” which causes a great deal of stress. Stress is not something any of us want accumulating out of control.

The alternative is a successful home based business that allows you freedom to stay at home and avoid the work rush, freedom to enjoy some of the daily pleasures you miss while at work, freedom to indulge in things your previous financial situation would not allow.

Being self employed would allow you to call your own shots and relieve stress associated with the travel to work (and the work, at work).

Some that are “self employed” have associated work stress because of the field they chose, location, employees, etc. Restaurants, bars, clubs, convenience stores, etc all have stressful day to day demands. You can leave those stressful positions to those that chose them.

“An online home based business will not take you away from your home but you can take your business anywhere ” . This is financial freedom planning.

Not having to leave home to get paid or get paid while your anywhere, doing anything is freedom at its best.

If you have a stressful household or the company you keep that is another issue you will have to work out. My advise to you is how to achieve work related financial freedom.

Removing the elements of having to follow a dress code, be on time and punch a time clock can possibly lower your blood pressure and other stress related symptoms.

Studies show that driving related stress is most common in society today. The anticipation of your destination and road rage can raise blood pressure.

Financial freedom lowers stress related to finances; that coupled with the fact that you did not have to leave home will work out in your best interest.

“Having the freedom to work when you want can be damaging if you do not have the discipline to work when you need to”.

Plan , budget and know when you need help. Do not be fooled into thinking home based business entrepreneurs “did it on their own”. It may appear on the surface that some successful home based business owners had little help but this is far from the truth.

ServicesAreUs.com offers you free information to point you in the right direction for financial freedom.

Online home based businesses like search engine marketing, affiliate marketing, article marketing and Google Adsense are a booming industry that should be considered in your quest to financial freedom.

An Internet home based business is not an “end all” but can be a great start.

The purpose of this article is to show those caught in the “rat race” that there is a way to end the madness. When you have a solid home based business plan that you actively work to achieve it will make your day a little better knowing you have a way out.

Will is the owner of ServicesAreUs, the online resource that provides information on Search Engine Marketing and how it is used to monetize various online business opportunities..
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Throw a Wrench in the Rat Race With Financial Freedom is a post from: Bolton Pest Control

HepPro Ltd taking bookings now with special rates for timber decking construction and gardening services.

Also discounted rates on bathroom installations.

Bed Bugs

Bedbugs – what’s the score?
Wall lice, bug flats, crimson ramblers, chinches, Norfolk Howards, mahogany flats, etc., etc.. The humble bed bug (Cimex
lectularius) has gained a place in world-wide folk lore and is universally reviled. Many years of onslaught in the UK had
reduced their populations significantly, but recently this troublesome pest has had a resurgence, both in terms of numbers
and in several instances of pesticide tolerance. Why? Let’s begin with a review of the pest and its habits.
As man moved from a hunter-gatherer to living in urban settlements, many insects took advantage of this localised
situation. Initially, flies and beetles were attracted to food storage and preparation areas. Bed bugs moved in as the human
dwellings improved and became more permanent. They are closely related to the bat bug (Cimex pilosellus) and probably
first became associated with man when they were living in caves in Africa.
Humans (very much as they are now) were sought for a blood meal whilst they slumbered on the floor of the cave. The
bugs would locate their host by detecting their body heat and the carbon dioxide given off in their breath and through
their skin. Interestingly, there is still a species of bed bug (Leptocimex boueti) that still feeds off the blood of both humans
and bats in West Africa.
As civilisation evolved, the bed bug became our bed fellow, moving into our homes in ever increasing numbers. Sanitation
and personal cleanliness were offered as a defence against lice and other bodily pests. In 1602, Ulysses Aldrovandi, a
renowned social observer, reported that bed bugs were much more common in houses of the poor than in those of the
rich, because the rich had the means to keep their houses cleaner than those of the poor. In the late 1800s, bed bugs
were regarded as probably the most serious urban pest. Commercial pest control companies began to form in the larger
cities across Europe at this time. Their preparations ranged from chemicals that we would run a mile from today, to several
that we still recognise and use today – mercuric chloride in alcohol was regarded as an excellent treatment for bed bugs,
and pyrethrum and rotenone were beginning to arrive from the Orient.
In more recent times, the success of pesticides, such as organophosphorous compounds and pyrethroids, has meant
wide-scale eradication of bed bug populations. We realise now that dirty housing is not a pre-requisite for bed bug activity,
but it is thought that the unfortunate decline in social standards in some areas of the populous, coupled with an increase
in close-packed communities HMOs (houses of multiple occupancy, student accommodation, bed-sits and not forgetting
down-and-outs) have led to bed bug populations increasing significantly.
So what exactly is a bed bug? These insects are members of the order Hemiptera, the true bugs, which includes bugs
that attack house plants and pond skaters that live on the water’s surface.
The bed bug has a simple or incomplete metamorphosis. Mating is a rough affair, with the male actually puncturing the
female’s abdomen to inject sperm directly (a process known as “traumatic” insemination for obvious reasons!). A female
can lay up to 200 eggs over about two months. There are five nymphal stages which take 35 to 150 days to pass through,
depending on conditions. Adults are able to survive long periods in unoccupied houses or in furniture in store. In
desperation, they can survive on other species, such as poultry, sparrows, rats, mice and guinea pigs (which may explain
some long-term continued infestations). Adults that are well fed can then resist long periods of starvation – timescales of
nearly one and a half years have been recorded.
Nymphal instars take about three minutes to have a blood meal, but adults need over ten minutes to become engorged.
The mouthparts are adapted to form two pairs of stylets that puncture the skin. The outer pair is provided with barbs to
saw into the skin, and the inner pair form two tubes, one for sucking up the blood, and one for injecting saliva containing
an anticoagulant. A fully engorged adult can be 6-8mm long.
For many, the bite is painless, but some can detect it straight away. A typical red “wheal” is left by the biting insect,
caused by an allergic reaction to the saliva. The location of the bite(s) is very useful to a pest controller in diagnosing the
biting species. Flea bites are most commonly on the lower leg or ankle, whereas bed bug bites are often on the face, neck
arms or hands, and occasionally around the waist.
Where do they live? Within the urban ecosystem, there are three primary components, the human and non-human and
the physical structures. The habitat that is made up of human settlements is known as “Anthropobiocoenosis”. Probably
the biggest word ever used in Pest Control News, this lengthy term means the part of the environment that has been
completely changed by man. It can even be sub-divided into “peridomestic” habitats, which are those outside dwellings,
and “domestic” habitats, which are located inside dwellings. The bed bug has invaded most areas of the latter category,
but principally those areas where we sleep. This is because time is needed to take a blood meal, and unless you are a
couch potato, humans do not sit still long enough for this to occur in the sitting room!

Control of bed bugs has always been relatively straightforward, although often a great deal of searching and a thorough
treatment or series of treatments was needed. However, in recent months, reports have been appearing in the national
press of “super infestations” of “resistant mutant bed bugs”. This situation needs explaining.
It is known that the incidence of bed bugs is increasing, especially in London and in some of the university towns and
cities such as Cambridge. It is also known by a number of pest controllers that several populations are becoming very
difficult to treat successfully. Expressions like “pesticide-resistant” are thus bandied about. Such a term is not warranted.
True resistance is a biological term, meaning a population which, over time, has become “immune” to the effects of a
pesticide. This can only be conferred by surviving adults to their offspring and so takes time and several generations. The
instances reported in the press are more likely to be ones of “tolerance”, whereby the bed bugs are able to tolerate a
pesticide and survive. (The offspring of these survivors would therefore be “resistant”).
Like all treatments where a given product appears not to work, the selection of a pesticide from another group of active
ingredients if often the answer. Currently, the infestations that are causing some difficulty seem to be able to tolerate the
use of pyrethroids, and some are also carbamate-tolerant.
Nigel Binns, Biologist for Killgerm Chemicals Ltd., commented: “We are receiving a number of phone calls where
technicians are experiencing difficulty in controlling bed bug infestations. If they have used pyrethroids and/or
carbamates, a return to the use of organophosphorous pesticides usually does the trick. The down-side to this is that they
are often a little ’smelly’, and so the customer should be advised. Organophosphorous pesticides that are approved for
use as public health products are perfectly safe in such situations, providing the technician follows the label
recommendations.”
Finally, the bed bug does have predators. T. Pergande, a Union soldier in the American Civil War, reported that Pharaoh’s
ants (Monomorium pharaonis) attacked and dismembered bedbugs in an infested quarters in Mississippi – perhaps this
is a novel form of biological control that we could choose to employ. Two infestations for the price of one!

Cockroach and dust mite

Many allergies are well-recognised and understood, but insect and mite allergies are still being examined. A study in 1997,
supported by the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) conclusively demonstrated that the
combination of cockroach allergy and exposure to the insects is an important cause of asthma-related illness and
hospitalizations among children in U.S. inner-city areas.
“Some of the most vulnerable of our citizens, children in the poorest neighbourhoods of our large cities, suffer
disproportionately from asthma,” says Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., NIAID director, in the report. “Allergy and exposure to
cockroach allergen clearly play an important role in the alarming rates of asthma-related sickness among these children.”
“Reducing exposure to cockroach allergen, as part of a multi-faceted approach to asthma management, may be a cost-
effective way of reducing the burden of this serious disease,” says Daniel Rotrosen, M.D., acting director of NIAID’s
Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation. “Simple and relatively low-cost interventions that have been explored
in the NCICAS, such as patient education, roach traps and child-safe insecticides, are potentially important.”
The first five-year phase studied 476 of these children. The researchers measured levels of cockroach, dust mite and cat
allergens in the children’s homes, and determined with allergy skin tests that 37 percent of the children were allergic to
cockroaches, 35 percent to dust mites, and 23- percent to cats. The investigators then assessed the severity of the
children’s asthma over 12 months.
They found that children who were both allergic to cockroaches and exposed to high cockroach allergen levels were
hospitalised for their asthma 3.3 times more often than children who were allergic but not exposed to high levels of
cockroach allergen, or children who were exposed to high levels of cockroach allergen but who were not allergic. Children
who were both allergic and heavily exposed to cockroach allergen also missed school more often, needed nearly twice
as many unscheduled asthma-related medical visits, and suffered through more nights with lost sleep.
In addition, the activities of the adults who cared for these children were frequently disrupted. Researchers also collected
dust samples from each child’s bedroom with a hand-held vacuum cleaner to measure the level of each allergen. While
most bedrooms had detectable levels of all allergens, 50.2% contained high disease-inducing levels of cockroach allergen
compared with 12.6% of rooms with high levels of cat allergen and 9.7% with high dust-mite allergen levels.
Even when families do all the right things at home, though, “…the biggest cockroach problem, in some cases, is at the
schools themselves,” says Dr Jean Hanley-Lopez, Los Angeles Breathmobile Director. “In inner-city L.A. schools, students
have a high level of cockroach exposure,” she says, “but I’m sure the school district is not even aware how big a problem
this is for students with asthma.”
Dr. Thomas Platts-Mills, one of the NIAID researchers, mentions several difficulties. “People don’t always understand that
they have cockroach allergies. Cockroach dust also disperses ‘all over the house,’ making it difficult to eliminate. Sprays
make a lot of asthma patients worse,” Platts-Mills adds, “and you can use all the bait traps you want, but they won’t work
if the cockroaches have a supply of food.”
“It’s all very well to have ambitions to decrease cockroaches,” he concludes, “but we need more understanding of how
to do it.” Dr. Richard Evans, an asthma specialist at Children’s Memorial Hospital in Chicago agrees: “The one thing I
would do is help people get rid of cockroaches.”
Dust mite allergy is an allergy to a microscopic organism that lives in the dust that is found in all domestic dwellings and
places of work. People are slowly recognising that dust mites and their droppings are perhaps the most common cause
of asthma and allergic rhinitis.
House dust is not a single substance but a cocktail of potentially allergenic materials. It may contain fibres from different
types of fabrics, feathers and other stuffing materials, dander from cats, dogs and other animals, bacteria, mold spores,
bits of plants and insects and other particles peculiar to an individual building. House dust also contains thousands of
microscopic mites which live in bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets etc. They thrive in summer and tend to die in
winter. However, in warm, humid environments such as a centrally-heated house, hospital or office, they continue to
thrive.
Each mite produces about twenty waste pellets a day, each containing a small amount of one of the most dangerous
chemicals known to science. Not only is the allergen of the house dust mite the usual cause of babies and small children
becoming asthmatic, it is also the commonest on a long list of irritants which cause existing asthmatics to have respiratory
symptoms.The constant presence of house dust mite droppings in the air inside homes keeps the lungs of asthmatics sensitive to
all the other factors which trigger asthmatic symptoms. If sufferers can avoid the dust mite allergen for a few months, then
usually the other factors lose much of their power.
Because mites are so tiny, their body water regulation is critical. As a result, the droppings they produce are very dry. The
average population per gram of dust is believed to be from 100 to 500, but can be up in the thousands. Egg-laying female
mites can increase the population by 25 to 30 every three weeks. Mites are equipped with sticky pads on the ends of their
feet, so they are able to burrow deep in carpet fibres and furniture where they hang on and are able to survive vacuuming.
Proteins in the dust mite droppings, called Der P1 and Der F1, are severe instigators of allergic response. When these
floating pellets are inhaled, they cause problems in the mite-allergic person. Even after the mite’s death its faecal particles
remain in the home, and the mite’s disintegrating body parts are still allergenic and easily airborne.
Although no environment is free of dust mites, there are specific steps you can take to reduce the number of these
creatures in your home. Many of these emanate from old wives’ tales, but have their basis in fact:
Mattresses, box springs and pillows should be encased in non-allergenic, plastic-zipped casings. The zips should be
covered with adhesive tape. Wipe with a damp cloth or vacuum weekly. If there is more than one bed in a room, each
mattress should be encased. If bunk beds are used, the allergic child should sleep on the top bunk. Avoid using canopy
beds.
Use washable blankets, spreads and polyester or dacron pillows. Avoid feather pillows, down or padded comforters, wool
blankets and chenille spreads. Wash all bedding frequently in hot water (over 60 degrees centigrade). Don’t use an
economy wash as mites survive in warm water, and you just end up with clean mites!

Ants

Understanding Ant Music
The ability to communicate through infochemical means, including pheromones, is at its highest among insects which live
in homogeneous communities – social insects. The ant in particular is distinguishable by its numerous exocrine glands
and the various chemicals it secretes as it relays information among its groups.
The largest ants have eyes located about 5mm from the ground whilst the smallest have eyes less than 1mm above the
ground and are unable to see beyond anything more than 5mm tall. Eyesight then, is not their strongest point. Ants
evolved from bees and they have developed acute olfactory senses which enable them to forage for food even in the
darkest situations. The ant senses environmental chemicals such as odours or non-volatile matter through physical
contact via its antennae. It then reacts according to the information the chemicals convey.
Chemical signals for species recognition
Insect species consist entirely of males and females with a male and female from each species reproducing. Sex
pheromones facilitate mating encounters however, how does an insect ascertain that the potential mate belongs to the
same species?
Dr Ryohei Yamaoka, of the Kyoto Institute of Technology has evaluated the important role infochemicals play in individual
identification among ants by observing their behaviour in their fascinating world. The team sampled cuticular waxes,
particularly hydrocarbons, from more than 500 species of insects including ants. They discovered that the composition of
these substances was species specific for all the insects sampled. They also discovered what happens when two ants
from different species meet and fight savagely. Only when the antennae of one ant actually touches its opponent’s body
will the fighting begin. No matter how closely the two pass, unless the antennae of one touches the body of the other, no
fighting will occur. Ants do not recognise their opponents by vision, but by non-volatile chemicals on their bodies and they
also seem to confirm membership of the same species by detecting like-for-like hydrocarbons in the same way.
Different species of ants can live together
In order to live together, different species must change their previous recognition of their cohabitants as belonging to
different species. Slave maker ants (Polyergus samurai) invade nests where so-called hill black ants (Formica japonica) or
forest black ants (Formica sp.) live, attack and steal pupae and cocoons from them and bring their booty back to their
own nest. They attend to the pupae and cocoons until they hatch as well as nurturing the slave maker queens’ eggs. In
the nest, slave maker ants avoid productive activity. They walk about lazily prompting slave ants to feed them.
Dr Yamaoka’s team sampled cuticular hydrocarbons from two species of ants which live harmoniously in the same nest
as previously mentioned and discovered that slave maker ants can barely synthesize hydrocarbons natural to their own
species and receive the cuticular hydrocarbons they possess from slave ants through bodily contact. Accordingly, slave
maker ants take on the same hydrocarbons as those of their slave ants and are thus chemically camouflaged, rendering
them recognisable as cohabitants by their slave ants.
Signals which allow ants to identify mates from the same nest
The chemical discrimination ability of the ant is so great that it can distinguish not only ants of different species, but ants
from different nests (colonies). Cohabitants from the same nest are generally offspring of the same queen ant and share
the same kinship. However, other ants, even those from the same species, share no common kinship when they inhabit
different nests. Instead, they are intense rivals, competing for common food sources.
Ants from a given nest are believed to use individual or group odours, distinctive to the nest they inhabit, although the
composition of the chemicals involved remains undetermined. However, the composition of the hydrocarbons, which act
as a signal for species recognition, must be identical between residential and visiting ants, as they are members of the
same species… you would think.
The tests the team conducted bore interesting results. The profiles of composite hydrocarbons showed great variety from
one colony group of ants to another, or were distinct in each type of ant tested. There was also diversity in ants from a
queen-less nest. But samples taken from ants in the same nest with a queen were identical. This is due to the queen which
will entice nearby worker ants around her by use of a pheromone. In approaching, the workers initiate physical contact.
Accordingly, cuticular hydrocarbons are exchanged among a swarm of individual ants, leading to chemical consistency
of ants in the same colony.
Grooming
Grooming also plays a major part in “spreading” the same hydrocarbons among ants in the same colony. They use two
methods. One is to remove cuticular hydrocarbons from the partner by licking, then storing them in a special gland. The
other is to secrete them from the same gland for use in coating and grooming its own body.

Psocids

Psocids
“Sosids,” as the proper pronunciation is, are booklice and there are over 3000 species of them to be found across the
world, although less than 50 are associated with human activities, including food storage and processing. But, their
significance as pests has increased over the last 35 years, which has been a matter of considerable interest to the Society
of Food Hygiene Technology, which ultimately led them to sponsor a survey among their members.
The results were published in 1984 and, although they helped to define the problem, they highlighted the need for further
research, as many questions about them still remain unanswered.
Psocids are widely distributed and typically favour dark places. They infest domestic premises, raw material stores,
manufacturing, distribution and retail premises; museums have also been infested and a wide variety of commodities may
be infested, including those which are of animal and vegetable origin, particularly farinaceous materials.
A four-fold problem
Nuisance – Psocids are a nuisance in industry because they interfere with production and threaten the integrity of
products, so reducing the quality and wholesome nature of the food.
They are typically associated with newly completed homes – damp building materials, plaster, etc., foster the growth of
mould on which the insects feed. Also, they are regularly encountered in food cupboards where they infest cereals, flour,
sugar, gravy thickener, etc..
Direct feeding damage – Psocids are not usually associated with damage caused by feeding activities, but direct
damage to commodities is possible and particular problems may be experienced when valuable articles, such as furs,
books, etc., become infested.
Transmission of micro-organisms – Micro-organisms and their spores will survive passage through the psocid gut and
may be carried on the surface of their bodies. Psocids may therefore, disseminate spoilage organisms, or even possibly
pathogens.
Health hazard -There is no evidence that psocids are vectors of disease. Nevertheless, they may eat tapeworm eggs
and harbour their larvae and so act as intermediate hosts for such parasites. Despite this, there is increasing evidence
that the insects may be a source of environmental allergens. The main impact of psocid infestations in homes is regarded
as psychological, with reactions which are occasionally disproportionate to any real threat.
Major Pest Species – L. bostrychophila is the major psocid pest encountered in domestic premises, accounting for over
90%, and is usually associated with consumer complaints. It is not generally found in commercial food handling
situations. The various psocid species tend to be associated with particular situations.
Environmental Factors – Psocids are vulnerable to dessication at humidities specific temperature and humidity data, coupled with data for the intrinsic rate of increase were considered, L.
bostrychophila ranked amongst other major stored food pests in terms of adaptability and pest potential. Egg laying
ceases at temperatures L. bostrychophila thrives on a yeast diet which is typically regarded as a rich diet. It is generally accepted that psocids
are most successful on a diet in which micro-organisms are present in moderation. The fact that L. bostrychophila is
parthenogenetic means that under suitable environmental and dietary conditions, populations develop rapidly and
certainly much faster than those species restricted to sexual reproduction.
Monitoring – Effective methods for monitoring psocid infestations are essential if prevention and control strategies are to
be successfully implemented. They can be monitored by visual examination, trapping, filth tests and the pallet “knock-
out” test.
Control – Psocids are difficult to control because they are small and can hide in cracks and crevices, so avoiding pesticide
treatments. They can survive long periods without food and are ubiquitous. An integrated approach to control is desirable
which uses all suitable techniques in a compatible manner.
The aim should be to manipulate the environment to the maximum detriment of the insects by denying them access to
some essential requirement. Little can be done to proof buildings and denying them harbourage is difficult although this
can be an option in small kitchens. They don’t like cold, dry conditions and cannot survive at humidities application of dry heat with temperatures of 50-60oC will control psocids. As already said, freezing will kill them. Clearly,any reduction in humidity will also deter moulds which are a significant food source.
Control can be effected by the use of fumigants, space and surface spray treatments and a wide range of pesticides have
been shown to be effective for the control of psocids. Products based on the synthetic pyrethroids permethrin and
deltamethrin and the carbamate bendiocarb are well established in the control of psocids. However, there is evidence that
certain strains of L. bostrychophila featuring mixed function oxidase enzyme systems, which can detoxify and reduce the
effectiveness of some pyrethroid insecticides. This can be overcome by the use of the synergist piperonyl butoxide. PCOs
must therefore, be alert to possible variability in the control achieved using synthetic pyrethroids.
Conclusions
Psocids are ubiquitous pests which have the potential to cause a considerable nuisance, damage stored products and
pose a hazard to health, especially in sensitive individuals.
Evidence shows that complaints to the food industry have increased over the last 35 years, although the reasons are still
unclear. It is likely that psocids will continue to pose significant problems to householders and the food industry, but much
has been achieved in recent years developing a better understanding of the pest which must contribute to improved
control in the future.

Pests and Allergy problems

Other pests which cause allergy problems
Fleas
Heska in Orlando, Florida announced in 1997 a revolutionary breakthrough in flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) testing. Heska’s
team of immunologists has been carefully studying flea biology – the result is the development of novel diagnostic
reagents and detection technology.
The HESKATM Flea Allergy Dermatitis Test is the first test specifically developed for detecting IgE antibodies against flea
salivary antigens as well as whole-body flea antigens.
Flea allergy dermatitis is a common dermatologic disease, and has been traditionally defined as an allergic reaction to flea
bites caused by injection of saliva as the flea feeds. Insect-associated dermatitis is a hypersensitivity to whole-body flea
antigens. Cross reactivity has been shown between whole-body flea allergen and black fly, black ant and cockroach
antigens. Redness, inflammation and itching are caused by the various protein components in flea saliva that can
stimulate an allergic response. The clinical signs related to FAD depend on the degree of immunologic sensitivity and the
level of flea exposure.
Wasps and Bees
A few people are very allergic to things such as insect stings. When exposed to these items they may have a severe
allergic response, also known as anaphylaxis.
In North America and Europe, nearly 100 people a year die from insect stings. Death usually comes within the first hour
after a sting and is attributed to insect allergy and not the toxic effect of the venom. It is thought that heat stroke or heart
attack may be given as a cause of death when actually it was the result of a sting. More children are stung but in older
persons with complicating health problems such as coronary heart disease or chronic bronchitis, death occurs more
frequently. Most of the victims of fatal insect sting have evidence of specific IgE antibodies.
The severity of the reaction depends on, among other things, the amount of venom injected and the degree of
sensitisation. Some sting victims have been reported as suffering 2000 stings and surviving while others receive a single
fatal sting.
In general, honey bee venom allergens are distinct from wasp allergens. Several more suspected potent allergens have
been found solely in Vespula and Dolichovespula (the so-called Euro- or super-wasp). Clinical presentations include large
local reactions which may extend to the limbs, with disfigurement and swelling.
Highly aggressive honey bees from Africa were mistakenly released in Brazil during the 1950s. These bees colonised
nests of the native honey bees. Africanised honey bees are very much a threat in South and Central America and it is
predicted that they will be colonising the southern United States. In one study, venoms were compared biochemically and
immunochemically. These investigations concluded that the higher morbidity after sting by the Africanised bees was due
to their more offensive behaviour.
Honey bees are the only stinging Hymenopteran that nearly always leaves its fluked sting in the skin of the victim. The
venom continues to pump into the victim until the venom sac is exhausted or the sting removed.
Wasp stings are often more cause for concern. Among the Vespula species, Vespula vulgaris (the common wasp) is
responsible for inflicting the greatest proportion of stings and has a nasty disposition. They live in large colonies, with 500-
5000 individuals. When a colony is disturbed, the sentry wasps fly out, find the intruder and begin to sting. The venom
contains an alarm substance which tells the other wasps the location of the first sting. Then they continue stinging around
that site.
Whether stung by a bee or wasp, within moments susceptible people may have anxiety, a tight throat, shortness of breath,
and low blood pressure. These serious symptoms require prompt medical care, as breathing may stop and death could
occur. If you see someone having these problems, seek help by calling the emergency services. Watch and assist the
victim’s breathing if needed.
If people have ever had such a reaction, it may recur if they become exposed again. It is wise for them to wear an ID
bracelet to alert doctors. The use of anti-histamine tablets will help in the short term, but further treatment should be
sought.
Birds
Allergic reaction to birds is also possible. Pigeon fancier’s lung (PFL) is a form of extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) – an

allergic reaction of the lungs to some external allergen. In PFL it is believed that small particles of dust containing pigeon
proteins cause the allergic response.
Professor Chris Feare of Wild Wings Bird Management in the UK said, “The allergens may emanate from both the pigeons’
droppings and also from the copious quantities of dust produced as pigeons shed wax from their feather sheaths, and
that any concentration of pigeons can be a source of allergens”.
There are two distinct but overlapping phases of EAA, namely an “acute” phase, which may or may not be followed by a
“chronic” phase. The acute phase is the most common and as the name of the condition suggests, is principally of
concern to pigeon fanciers. However, anyone who is exposed to a high level of “pigeon material” is at risk – so pest
controllers involved with pigeon proofing or guano clearance should take note.
Typically sufferers experience intense ‘flu-like symptoms of fever, chills, muscle ache, cough and/or breathlessness, four
to eight hours after exposure. The symptoms usually pass within 48 hours, but may persist for a week or more. Although
this attack will probably pass without treatment, it is important to visit the doctor whilst symptoms are still present,
preferably on the day of onset, as if you delay there may be no visible symptoms for the doctor to investigate.
It is important that the condition is identified as early as possible to prevent progression to the more serious chronic stage
of PFL. If detected and appropriate measures are taken early enough, acute PFL is reversible. If not detected (or ignored),
the acute phase may be followed by the chronic phase which is characterised by a type of irreversible lung damage
doctors call pulmonary fibrosis. This is very serious and in extreme cases may be fatal. The major symptoms are
breathlessness on exertion, coughing and weight loss, which can be considerable.
It can be seen that many of the symptoms are general to a number of “chesty” conditions, so it is important for sufferers
to recognise that there may be a possible link with pigeons and mention this to the doctor.
Chris Feare emphasises a further complication – similar ‘flu-like symptoms may be produced by a pathogen commonly
carried by pigeons (and other birds) and also present in their droppings. This is Chlamidia psittaci, the cause of ornithosis
in man, and it is therefore important that the diagnosis of the “‘flu” is correct. Like a number of other conditions passed
from birds to man, in most cases the symptoms can be passed off as “‘flu” and recovery is quick and complete. However,
if you happen to be one of the unfortunate few who are susceptible, things could get very serious indeed. It’s not just pest
controllers who are at risk. Even those whose houses, flats or shops have resident populations of pigeons are in danger.
All encounters with high levels of “pigeon material” must be regarded as potentially highly hazardous and precautions
should be taken to minimise the production of dust and suitable personal protective equipment should be worn at all
times when handling such material.
Stored Product Pests
Many stored product insects can produce allergies. Even the humble grain weevil (Sitophilus granarius) can produce
allergic responses, although the importance of allergy to grain weevil in grain to dust asthma has not been fully evaluated.
Grain farmers can become sensitized and develop asthma because of one or more of the organic allergens in their
environment. In the literature, at least three cases of asthma in laboratory workers were described due to the grain weevil.
This brings us to the topic of ingestant allergens, that is, eating or unintentionally swallowing allergenic insect material.
Since we are not a nation accustomed to dining on “bugs”, direct evidence for allergies to food insects is practically
nonexistent.
Nonetheless, entomologists are sometimes treated to nebulous accounts of people getting sick after deliberately eating
insects. Since almost everyone can name at least one food that turns their stomach, it is not clear what role, if any,
psychological factors may have played in these illnesses. We can, however, gain some insight from controlled
experiments on human subjects done with preparations of common food-infesting insects.
A classic study by Bernton and Brown in 1967 utilised dialised extracts of seven of these insects in skin sensitivity tests
of subjects with and without known allergies. Test extracts included those of the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), fruit fly
(Drosophila melanogaster), Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella), saw-toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus
surinamensis), rust red flour beetle larvae and adults (Tribolium castaneum), confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum),
and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica).
Of the 230 allergic patients, 68 (29.6%) reacted positively to one or more of the dialised insect extracts. Surprisingly, of
the 194 non-allergic subjects, 50 (25.8%) showed sensitivity to at least one extract. A total of 333 positive reactions were
observed. The degree of overall sensitivity was practically the same for both groups, with the Indian meal moth extract
eliciting the most positive reactions followed by the extracts of rust red flour beetle larvae, rust red flour beetle adults, rice
weevils, fruit flies, confused flour beetles, saw-toothed grain beetles, and lesser grain borers.

The question arises as to where upwards of 25% of the general population might have acquired sensitivity to these
insects. At one time or another, most people have had to clean out their cupboard as a result of an infestation by one or
more stored-food pests. If the problem is bad enough (and recurrent), sensitivity could be related to inhalant or contactant
allergens of insect origin.
More likely, however, these allergies are the result of ingesting small quantities of insect material in food over a lifetime.
Despite proficient methods of production and storage, trace amounts of insect material are going to find their way into
our food. The Indian meal moth and its relatives, for example, can be persistent and notorious pests wherever sweets are
manufactured or stored. Stored-product moths will also attack flour, pasta and dried fruit. Grain beetles and weevils are
a constant threat to stored whole grain, and who hasn’t opened a box of cake mix or corn meal, only to discover flour
beetles infesting the contents?
We are not inclined to eat food showing obvious signs of insect contamination, but we are more than likely getting
occasional small doses of insect material in food we consider wholesome. For most people this level of exposure is
medically inconsequential. For people with known allergies, especially those of the food and insect varieties, the matter
becomes problematic. In the case of food insects, does the sensitized person exercise strict avoidance of this novel
cuisine or take his or her chances?
For most people, working with or accidentally eating insects would pose little if any health risk, especially if they have no
history of allergy to insects or other arthropods. Nonetheless, since sensitivity can be acquired with repeated exposure to
an allergen, a measure of vigilance is in order. Any person with known insect, arthropod or bird allergies would be wise to
exercise some caution.

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Heppro Ltd North East Pest Control, Property And Grounds Maintenance is a post from: Bolton Pest Control

Bed bugs are insects that thrive on small holes, cracks or crevices in walls and floors. Generally, bed bugs like to live in dark and untidy corners or portions of the house.

Bed bugs suck blood. It is their primary means of making a living. Hence, they go out at night and suck blood from unsuspecting victims, who may be sleeping by that time.

Bed bugs do not transit or carry communicable diseases, bu their bites can get really really itchy. To some people, especially the more sensitive ones, bed bugs’ bites can pose serious health situations.

So the basic question you will have in mind for sure (assuming that your house is infested with bed bugs) is, ” How are bed bugs infestation controlled?”

There are a number of measures or means to control bed bugs. For a start, you may start by preventing the occurrence or existence of bed bugs in your house. If your home is still not infested, be sure to know how to avoid them.

Cleanliness is one key factor in controlling or preventing bed bugs from thriving in your house. Be sure to make your furniture, walls, and floor spic and span.

Bed bugs love to thrive in beds, so, make sure your bed is fully protected. Regularly change your bed sheets and make sure the bed does not contain unnecessary holes or tears.

If your house already has bed bugs on it, a simple way to control infestation is by applying pesticides or insecticides to the infested areas.

A number of commercially available pesticides especially formulated for bed bugs control are available and accessible in the market. In using one, just be sure to carefully read all labels and instructions before use.

Pesticides, of course, are made up of harsh chemicals that can surely knock out insects like bed bugs. These chemicals are so harmful, that aside from controlling bed bugs, they can also pose health hazards or threats to you.

Hiring professionals The best and probably the most intelligent solution to controlling bed bugs infestation is through seeking the professional help and services of experts—pest control companies.

Controlling bed bugs is not a ’spur of the moment’ thing. A lot and thorough planning has to be conducted beforehand. Before seeking the expert help, be prepared to discard several materials and furniture, if ever the experts will advise you to.

There are a number of pest control companies in your locality. All you have to do is to pick up the phone, and wait for a few hours.

If you are living in an apartment, coordinate with your land lord or land lady. It is their responsibility to make all the necessary arrangements for pest control measures.

State and civil laws mandate them to make sure that their building is safe and pest-free. Talk to them and know the arrangements for pest control service fee payments.

When you plan to control bed bugs infestation in your home with the help of professionals, also be sure to inform or notify your neighbors.

It is because some residues or stink of the pest control chemicals might reach their homes. If ever, that will post serious health risks for them.

Because bed bugs are so persistent, expect the process of controlling them to be really tedious. Insects have that general characteristics—they are so resilient and their systems are so strong.

Normally, controlling bed bugs the professionals’ way can take a few hours, because the experts have to check for any crevices, small cracks or holes where bed bugs might be hiding.

Furniture and home accessories will also have to be checked to make sure the treatment will not miss on any single bug.

At times, pest control experts might advise you to discard several furniture, especially beds. Is because, most beds are made up foams or materials that have tiny holes on it, which is very ideal for bed bugs to hide in.

In disposing or discarding beds, be sure that it can never be used by other people again. Otherwise, bed bugs will transfer from your house to another’s.

Because environmental concerns will rule out burning, you will surely have to put the bed into a special encasing or bug, to make sure all bed bugs on it are trapped inside.

Want to find out about kill roaches and cockroach control? Get tips from the About Animals website.

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How To Control The Bed Bugs is a post from: Bolton Pest Control

Not only is getting rid of wasps and hornets an important step in keeping your family safe, but it is also essential for keeping your home in good shape. After all, wasps and hornets can cause quite a bit of damage with their nests.

Therefore, if you live in or around the Los Angeles area and are experiencing wasp or hornet problems, it is a good idea to contact a professional Los Angeles pest control company to handle the problem. In this way, you can be sure the wasps will be removed in a safe and thorough manner.

When it comes to getting rid of wasps, hornets and other stinging insects, it is helpful to know more about the type of insect you are facing.

Although there are many different types of stinging insects that you might encounter, some of the more common ones include…

Paper Wasps
In general, paper wasps won’t cause problems to humans. If they build their nests in a high-traffic area, however, they can be quite a nuisance. In addition, they tend to build their honeycomb-shaped nests on the sides of homes, where they can be quite unsightly. When trying to get rid of these wasps on your own, you should wait until nighttime when the wasps are less active. Then, spray the nest with a pressurized wasp killer.
Bald-Faced Hornets
These territorial hornets live in large aerial nests and tend to feed between dusk and dawn. Their nests should also be sprayed at nighttime.
Yellow Jackets
Highly aggressive and territorial, yellow jackets have been known to repeatedly sting humans who are trying to destroy their nests. Therefore, for your own personal safety, it is in your best interest to contact a professional Los Angeles pest control company if you have a yellow jacket infestation rather than trying to eradicate them yourself.

Getting rid of wasps, hornets and other stinging insects can be a tricky task. If you are going to try to take on the job yourself, be sure to spray the nest at night when the insects are less active. Also, always wear multiple layers of clothing, as well as a pair of thick gloves, to better protect yourself. You should always move slowly so you do not catch the attention of the insects you are trying to destroy.

In order to ensure your safety and guarantee good results, it is always a good idea to contact a professional Los Angeles pest control company when getting rid of wasps, hornets and other stinging insects.

Locally owned and operated since 1994. We will provide you with excellent workmanship and pricing for all phases of your pest control needs. We provide services for residential, associations, commercial, and multi-family properties. We also offer NON-TOXIC treatments when possible(ORANGE OIL & FOAM), as well as preventative treatments including yearly maintenance plans, fumigation, escrow inspections, wood repair, and structural replacement. To learn more visit our website at www.AccuracyPlusCalifornia.com or call us TOLL FREE 888-675-0258!Read more: http://www.articlesbase.com/home-and-family-articles/roaches-are-dirty-pose-a-health-hazard-1307914.html#ixzz0qMZdtcQD Under Creative Commons License: Attribution
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Tips For Getting Rid Of Pests is a post from: Bolton Pest Control

You cannot get bed bugs out of your clothes simply by avoiding the mentioned hotspots. These places are unavoidable. They are part of our lives. But if you want to keep your house clean and free from bed bugs infestation, check out these Tips on How to Get the Bed bugs Out of Your Clothes. Simple Tips on How to Get the Bed Bugs Out of Your Clothes. In a hotel, you can get bed bugs out of your clothes if you shake off your clean and used clothes for bed bugs the night before you check out. Having bed bugs in your things or clothes does not mean that you are filthy and stinking. Bed bugs do not stay on a certain area or place because it is clean or filthy. They stay in a place because they are attracted to carbon monoxide, of which humans exhale, and they feed on human blood.

To get the bed bugs out of your clothes, you must make sure that the suitcase on which you will encase it is bed bugs free. Even if you shake your clothes just to get bed bugs out of your clothes, it won’t do good since the very suitcase that will carry your clothes with has bed bugs inside. The night before you leave your hotel, remove any items that you have and the clothes inside your suitcase. Buy a water based insect killer and spray on the insecticide around the suitcase. Don’t spray on inside. Then place your belongings and other items inside a clean, dry, bath tub. Bed bugs don’t like ceramics and marbles much, so they won’t be present anywhere near the tub. However, all the wood furniture near your bed are undoubtedly infested. Surer way to get bed bugs out of your clothes is to have your clothes, clean and used, to the laundry. Ask the laundryman to soak it in warm water for twenty minutes. Clinging nymps on your used clothes, especially the clothes you used on bed, will die when soaked in warm water.

You can get bed bugs out of your clothes if you will resist the urge to sleep on the bed before you leave. The bed bugs may cling onto your sleeves as its last shot to draw blood from you and stay there before you leave. When you get home, remove all your clothing, and even socks, and soak them in warm water for twenty minutes. Do this immediately to avoid speading bed bugs around your house in case a female bed bug hitched at your collar or sleeve. A single female bed bug lays 300 eggs. And adult bed bugs can last for eighteen months even without feeding. You might think that following the tips abovementioned will make you look like a person sufferring from obsessive compulsive. This is untrue. This is the best measure to do to avoid having your house getting infested with these nasty bugs. They are very hard to terminate once they invade your household. The best remedy for a bed bug infested home is to throw away every furniture around and abandon the place for three years. So which is easier and better to do? Prevent the bed bugs from coming your house or exterminate them instead?

Find tips about bug guide and cinch bugs at the About Animals website.

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How To Get The Bed Bugs Out Of Your Clothes is a post from: Bolton Pest Control

Until a few years ago, most pest control companies said it was unusual to receive even one or two calls a year about bed bugs. Since 2004, however, bed bug complaints have grown exponentially with pest control companies nationwide now averaging between 10 and 50 calls a week. In major metropolitan areas, some companies are fielding 100 or more bed bug complaints each week. Some experts are predicting that 2008 will be the Year of the Bed Bug. Cindy Mannes, spokesperson for the National Pest Management Association, said bed bugs have become a serious problem in every state, noting, “There are some who call it the pest of the 21st century.”

Bed bugs are an equal opportunity pest. Infestations have occurred across the country in the tony co-ops of the rich and famous, in fashionable condominiums, in luxury apartments and in upscale suburban homes. Contrary to popular belief, bed bugs are not caused by filth or dirt. Like lice and fleas, bed bugs are creatures of convenience. A nuisance insect, they are not known to carry disease, but they can cause considerable discomfort, both mental and physical.

All but eradicated in the U.S. following World War II, the banning of powerful DDT-based pesticides, coupled with increased international travel, has brought about a nationwide resurgence of the annoying insect. Potter, an urban entomologist at the University of Kentucky, calls bed bugs the pre-eminent household pest in the U.S., on a par with cockroaches and rats. “This is one serious issue,” he recently told the New York Times. “This will be the pest of the 21st century – no questions about it.”

If you’re buying a house or looking for a new condo or apartment, take to heart the old adage Buyer Beware. You may be moving into a home that has been invaded by bed bugs. Most states require home sellers to provide buyers with an accurate statement disclosing the property’s condition, including pest infestations. However, there are loopholes that should serve as a red flag to home buyers and their realtors.

Most real estate disclosure statements are fairly broad and do not specifically ask about bed bug infestations. If any pest disclosure is specified, it’s likely to be termites. Because bed bugs haven’t been a problem in the United States for so many decades, few current state or municipal codes address them specifically. In many states, sellers can choose not to fill out the disclosure statement and instead pay a penalty which is credited to the buyer. For sellers with a bed bug problem, a several hundred dollar penalty may seem an acceptable price for making the sale.

Buyers and realtors should be aware that real estate disclosure laws that apply to home sales often don’t apply to co-op and condo owners. Before you buy, check with the local building and health departments to find out what the regulations are in your area. Although some states are now considering adding specific bed bug regulations to their realty laws, at this point common law is generally on the side of the seller. As real estate attorney Edward Sumber of New York told the New York Times, “Under the doctrine of caveat emptor — let the buyer beware — the seller has no affirmative obligation to reveal circumstances about the apartment to the buyer.”

However, disclosure laws in most states require the seller to answer honestly if specifically asked whether his home or apartment has been infected by bed bugs or other pests.

Additionally, real estate brokers are usually obligated to reveal a bed bug problem to the buyer if they know about it. Unfortunately, in most states sellers are not required to tell their real estate brokers about bed bug problems. Essentially, that means buyers must rely on the integrity of sellers and landlords anxious to make a sale.

Many buyers shopping for a new home, apartment or condominium are now hiring a pest control company with an expertise in bed bug elimination to inspect the property before they buy. Some realtors are recommending that sellers have their homes inspected for bed bugs before putting them on the market as both a reassurance and inducement to buyers.

What are bed bugs?

Evolved from bird and bat nest parasites, Climex lectaularius, the common bed bug, is a tiny nocturnal insect that hides in dark crevices during the day and feeds on human blood during the night. Their oval bodies are flattened and wingless and a light to reddish-brown in color. Adult bed bugs are 1/4 to 3/8 inch long or about the size of an apple seed. Before feeding, the bed bugs are as flat as paper, becoming dark red and bloated with blood as they feed, much like a tick. As they puncture the skin to feed — usually for 3 to 10 minutes — they eject an anesthetic that can cause an allergic reaction and the symptomatic itchy, red welts that bedevil their hosts. However, welts may take a day or two to develop and not all bed bug sufferers react to their bites, which can delay detection.

A female bed bug can produce up to 500 eggs during its average one-year lifespan, laying about 5 eggs per day. Difficult to detect without magnification, the eggs are whitish, pear-shaped and about the size of a pinhead. The female lays her sticky eggs in bedding and carpets or cements them into cracks and crevices near the bed to ensure a food source when the nymphs hatch. Nymphs, which are lighter in color and look like slightly smaller adults, hatch in 4 to 12 days and begin to feed immediately. Bed bugs progress through five nymphal stages, molting after each stage. The whitish carapaces they shed are a telltale sign of bed bug infestation. It takes 5 to 8 weeks for nymphs to reach maturity. Since several generations of bed bugs can be produced in a year, all stages of growth can be found in an infested room.

Bed bugs feed every 3 to 5 days and must feed at least once to develop to the next stage and to reproduce. They often void while feeding, leaving telltale rusty or tarry spots on sheets and in hiding places. Bed bugs can survive for 1 to 7 months without a blood meal and have been known to live in an abandoned house for as long as a year. They give off a distinctive musty, sweet odor often likened to ripe red raspberries or coriander.

Bed bugs will readily travel 10 to 15 feet to feed but have been observed traveling more than 100 feet from their established harborage to feed on a host. Once established, infestations can spread rapidly to adjoining rooms or units through crawl spaces, wall voids and electrical and plumbing conduits. Adept hitchhikers, bed bugs can easily enter your home on clothing, bedding, luggage, used furniture, cardboard boxes, etc. They can be brought home from a hotel stay or by sitting in a car, cab, bus, train or plane recently inhabited by an infested person.

What to look for

Bed bugs may be tiny but they leave telltale traces. Look most closely near beds and in bedrooms where bed bugs feed. Look for these telltale signs of bed bug activity:

A heavily infested room may have a characteristic musty or sweet odor like the scent of fresh red raspberries or coriander; however, the odor may not be obvious.

Look for active, crawling bugs on bed linens, carpet and furniture near the bed.

Look for dark fecal and blood stains on bed linens; carpets and carpet welting; and in the seams, creases, tufts and folds of mattresses and box springs.

You should also look for fecal smears or pea-sized pearly egg deposits behind headboards; along baseboards and door and window casings; around electrical plates; in plaster cracks; and under loose wallpaper, paintings and posters.

Look for whitish nymph molts and old exoskeletons under area rugs, at the edges of carpets, and in under-the-bed storage containers.

Beware of bats in the attic or eaves. Quite often bed bugs feeding on bats in the attic of a house will migrate to the living area in search of an easier food source, humans.

Buyer beware!

Bites, odor and voiding smears are indicators of a bed bug problem. However, these insects often go undetected when symptoms are not obvious. Bed bugs are also easily confused with other nuisance bugs like carpet beetles, bird and rodent mites, shiny spider beetles, parasitic wasps, even lint by the more paranoid, making definitive diagnosis a job for bed bug experts.

Before you buy a new home, ask the owner if there has ever been a bed bug problem. In co-ops, condos, apartments and any multi-unit residence, ask the property owner whether bed bugs have been reported in any unit. Before they buy, many home buyers are now requiring a pest inspection by a bed bug expert in addition to the traditional home inspection. When it’s buyer beware, it makes sense to protect yourself.

Douglas Stern is the managing partner of Stern Environmental Group and a bed bug extermination expert. His firm serves commercial and residential clients in New Jersey, New York City, New York, and Connecticut. His firm is located at 100 Plaza Drive in Secaucus, New Jersey. You can reach him toll free at 1-888-887-8376. Please visit us on the Web at www.SternEnvironmental.com.
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Buyer Beware: Bed Bugs Can Squash Real Estate Deals is a post from: Bolton Pest Control

But more importantly for OT are the portents Wasps’ form could have for England in the 2009-10 Six Nations and, a little further down the line, the 2011 World Cup. A strong Wasps team is important for England: not just because they have some of the most talented players in the Premiership, but also because of their approach to the game. In an ideal world where all players were fit, it is conceivable that Wasps could provide up to eight players to England’s matchday squad for their opening Six Nations clash with Wales on February 6. Clearly, that will not be the case. Phil Vickery, Tom Rees and Jason Hobson will still be recovering from injury, while England’s selectors have not yet seen the light when it comes to hooker Rob Webber and scrum-half Joe Simpson, or managed the international careers of Danny Cipriani and Tom Varndell with any degree of skill.

But there is every chance that Simon Shaw, Joe Worsley, Paul Sackey (pictured) and Tim Payne will be involved in one form or another against Wales, and the number of Wasps representatives could increase by the end of the championship if they continue their form and the recuperation of their injured players goes well. At their best, Wasps bring an attacking approach to the Premiership that few teams have been able to match over the past few seasons (with the obvious exception of 2008-09) and a return to those heights can only be a good thing for England. The 10-12 axis of Jonny Wilkinson and Shane Geraghty was one of the most disappointing aspects of England’s autumn campaign.

It promised so much, but patently failed to deliver. Can anyone remember one moment when the two combined to great effect? Okay, so it was a new combination and they were up against the likes of world beaters Dan Carter, Matt Giteau and Ma’a Nonu, but there was a strong sense the England management had tried to crowbar two fly-halves into their backline. So what better time for Flood to be showing his full array of skills for Leicester? OT has never been convinced of Flood’s international credentials, but he’s made a big difference at Welford Road since his return from injury and – this could be crucial – is comfortable taking a flat ball.

The problem is that Flood also plays fly-half for his club, which leaves England with three decent stand-offs and a lack of a proven international inside centre – until, that is, Riki Flutey is available again. Inside centre has been a problem position for England since the retirement of Will Greenwood and, to a lesser degree, Mike Catt and much now relies on Flutey’s ability to add much-needed direction to their backline. OT would go so far as to say that England’s chances of a decent Six Nations now rest firmly on the shoulders of the Brive centre. Euro sport.

For Six nations Hospitality please visit: England V Ireland Hospitality , England V Wales Hospitality , Ireland V Italy Hospitality

Learn more about Six Nations Hospitality:

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Oval Talk: Firing Wasps good for England is a post from: Bolton Pest Control